Banks, 19 (billions of dollars and percent) 6.23 Japan: National Employment Share of Major Cities in Selected Producer Services, 1977-1985 6.24 Japan: Location Quotients of Financial and Service Industries in Major Cities, 1977-1985 7.1 Number of Headquarters of the Top 500 Transnational Firms in the World's Seventeen Largest Metropolitan Areas, 1984 7.2 Capitalization in Leading Stock Markets, 19 (billions of U. dollars) -.- 37 38 39 39 41 42 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 57 58 59 CONTENTS viii IN CONCLUSION Ten A New Urban Regime? Appendices Bibliography Index 321 323 339 355 391 TABLES 6.14 United States: National Employment Share of Major Cities in Producer Services, 1977-1987 (percent) 6.15 United States: National Employment Share of Major Cities in Selected Producer Services, 1977-1987 6.16 United States: Location Quotients of Selected Producer Services Industries, 1977-1987 6.17 Law Firms with Foreign Branches: Manhattan, Los Angeles, and Chicago, 1988 6.18 New York and Chicago: Employment Growth Rates in Producer Services, 1977-1987 6.19 New York and Chicago: Percentage Employed in Selected Industries, 1981-1985 6.20 United States, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago: Employment in Information Industries, 1985 6.21 United States: Location Quotients of FIRE and Services in Selected Locations, 1985 6.22 United States, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago: Foreign Deposits at the 200 Largest U. dollars) 3.14 Top Eight Exporters of Services, 1980 (billions of U. Sales to and Purchases from Unaffiliated Foreigners of Selected Services, 1986 (millions of U. dollars) 3.11 United States and Japan: International Service Credits and Debits and Service-Merchandise Ratio, 1975-1988 3.12 United States: Direct Foreign Investment Abroad: Industry Detail for Selected Items (millions of U. dollars and percent) 3.10B Japanese Direct Investment in the United States: Selected Service Industries, 1982-1988 (millions of U. Direct Investment in Japan: Selected Service Industries, 1982-1988 (millions of U. dollars) 3.3B Direct Foreign Investment in the United States by Source, 1962-1988 (percent) 3.4 Japan, United Kingdom, and United States: Direct Foreign Investment Flows, 1979-1986 (billions of SDRs) 3.5 Japan, United Kingdom, and United States: Direct Foreign Investment Stock, 1979-1988 (billions of SDRs) 3.6 World Services Trade: Major Surplus and Deficit Countries, 1988 (billions of SDRs and percent) 3.7 Share in World Service Credits and Debits, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1988 (percent) 3.8 United States: Share of World Trade 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1988 (percent) 3.9 Japan: Exports and Imports of Services, Investment Income, and Merchandise, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1988 (billions of SDRs) 3.lOA U. HG184.N5S27 1991 332'.042-dc20 90-23017 CIP This book has been composed in Linotron Caledonia Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents _ Tables ix Acknowledgments xv One Overview 3 PART ONE: THE GEOGRAPHY AND COMPOSITION OF GLOBALIZATION 17 Two Dispersal and New Forms of Centralization 22 Three New Patterns in Direct Foreign Investment 35 Four Internationalization and Expansion of the Financial Industry 64 PART TWO THE ECONOMIC ORDER OF THE GLOBAL CITY 85 Five The Producer Services 90 Six Global Cities: Postindustrial Production Sites 126 Seven Elements in a Global Hierarchy 168 PART THREE: THE SOCIAL ORDER OF THE GLOBAL CITY 193 Eight Employment and Earnings 197 Nine Economic Restructuring as Class and Spatial Polarization 245 Tables - 3.1 Average Annual Growth Rate of Direct Foreign Investment from Developed to Developing Countries, 19601987 (percent) 3.2 Inward Direct Investment Flows: SDRs and Percentage Distribution for Seven Countries, 1980-1986 (millions of SDRs and percent) 3.3A Direct Foreign Investment in the United States by Source, 1962-1988 (millions of U.S. Financial services industry-EnglandLondon. Financial services industry-e-Iapan-c-Tokyo. Includes bibliographical references and index. Van EIsloo Copyright © 1991 by'Prmceton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Oxford All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Date Sassen, Saskia, The global city: New York, London, Tokyo / Saskia Sassen. THE GLOBAL CITY [HE GLOBAL CITY NEW YORK, LONDON, TOKYO Saskia Sassen PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY For Mara Van de Voort and Willem S.
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